Ultrasound is the name given to high frequency sound – defined as sound with a frequency over 20 000Hz. Sounds with this frequency are too high in pitch to be heard by the human ear. (For comparison, middle-C on a standard piano is 261.626Hz.) These waves can be transmitted in beams (like light) and are used to produce live 2-D images of the internal organs. Recently it has become possible to generate 3-D images by means of ultrasound. The ultrasound pulse travels through the body and echoes off the internal organs. These ultrasound echoes are then recorded and displayed as a live image. It is used across a wide range of medical specialties including obstetrics, gynaecology, cardiology, surgery, and gastroenterology. Ultrasound is favoured in these areas as it is a safe and relatively inexpensive imaging method.
The ultrasound has become a standard procedure used during pregnancy. It can demonstrate fetal growth and can detect increasing numbers of conditions in the fetus including meningomyelocele, congenital heart disease, kidney abnormalities, hydrocephalus, anencephaly, club feet, and other deformities. Ultrasound does not produce ionizing radiation and is considered a very safe procedure for both the mother and the fetus.
In contrast to ultrasound imaging of the adult heart, standard ultrasound transducer imaging positions on the maternal abdomen are not possible or available in obstetrical ultrasound imaging due, for example, to variable fetal positions within the uterus. Accordingly, personnel acquiring images of the fetal heart cannot rely on standard transducer positions (e.g., a particular position and/or orientation on the maternal abdomen). Instead, imaging personnel are required to dynamically position the transducer in different positions and/or planes until desired images are acquired. It is due at least in part to this difference in scanning techniques between obstetrical ultrasonography and other ultrasound modalities that makes the former difficult to master.
In order to obtain power spectral information on the fetal heart rate in stages of pregnancy earlier than labor an algorithm has been developed to calculate the fetal heart rate on a beat-to-beat basis from Doppler ultrasound cardiotocographic signals. The algorithm was evaluated by comparing the calculated fetal heart rate with the heart rate determined from direct ECG signals measured with a scalp electrode. Heart rates were compared both in time and frequency domain. In the time domain the results achieved by both methods correlate well (correlation coefficient = 0.977 (p < coefficient =" 0.991">
Liver, biliary tract and gall bladder e.g. hepatomegaly, liver abscess, abdominal trauma, ascites, metastases/masses in the liver, cholecystitis and/or gallstones.
Spleen e.g. splenomegaly, abdominal trauma, left abdominal mass, lymphoma or leukaemia
Pancreas e.g. malignancy, recurrent chronic pancreatitis, pseudocyst or abscess
Large and small intestine e.g. ascites, abdominal mass, to exclude other conditions in appendicitis, intussuseption and pyloric stenosis in children
Kidneys e.g. polycystic kidneys, renal mass, trauma, abnormally sized kidneys, renal calculi
Urinary bladder e.g. pelvic mass, retention of urine, thickening of the bladder wall, overdistended or small bladder
Reproductive organs e.g. scrotum, testis, ovaries, uterus
Heart e.g. congenital heart anomalies, valvular heart disease, bacterial endocarditis, pericardial effusion, heart muscle disease and intracardiac masses.
Blood vessels e.g. peripheral vascular disease in the deep veins of the leg and carotid vascular disease.
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